
Other Methods for Water Desalination
From freezing and methane hydrates to ion exchange, solar stills and hybrid RO–ED: processes that rarely reach city scale, but still shape research and niche plants.
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From freezing and methane hydrates to ion exchange, solar stills and hybrid RO–ED: processes that rarely reach city scale, but still shape research and niche plants.

More than 60% of the world’s desalinated water still comes from heating seawater and condensing steam — from MSF and MED to vapor compression and solar plants.

How electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, forward osmosis and membrane distillation separate salt from water — and where each process wins or fails.

From shipboard distillation in antiquity to today’s membrane and thermal plants: how desalination became an industrial technology.